October 8 [Day 41] Ridge winds were light all day variably from the W, SW, E, NE and ESE, often diametrically opposed to the upper winds. The clashing winds generated showers all day variably of rain, snow and hail. The temperature rose to 4C on SW winds and fell to1.5C when the wind switched to the east. The Livingstone Range to the north was only rarely free of cloud all day, and on occasion the observation site was in cloud for up to 30 minutes at a time. Most raptor movement was confined to brief clear periods between 1130 and 1147, and 1510 and 1552, with single birds sporadically moving through the rest of the day. By contrast passerine movement was quite strong, at least before 1000, including 195 American Robins, 5 Townsend’s Solitaires, 10 Ruby-crowned Kinglets, 9 Dark-eyed Juncos, 3 American Tree Sparrows, the first ever Lapland Longspur at the site and 3 Palm Warblers in a small flock (the 3rd record for the site, a first October record and the 90th bird species recorded this season). 11 hours (453.6) BAEA 1 (70), SSHA 7 (651), GOEA 14 (1514), MERL 1 (10) TOTAL 23 (2826)